Common Causes of Foundation Settlement in the Gulf Region

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The principal causes of foundation settlement in the Gulf countries can be summarized as follows.

1. Variable geological conditions: Spatial variability in soil density, stratigraphy, and composition leads to differential settlement of foundations. In parts of Abu Dhabi, for example, the presence of karstic features and sinkholes at varying scales has been associated with local foundation subsidence.

2. Groundwater fluctuations: Changes in the groundwater table induce volumetric changes in susceptible soils and alter effective stresses, thereby affecting foundation stability. In the Al Ain area, seasonal high- and low-water periods produce recurring fluctuations in groundwater level, which in turn contribute to periodic foundation performance issues.

3. Inadequate construction practice: Failure to execute foundation and ground-improvement works in accordance with design specifications and construction standards can compromise foundation stability and result in settlement problems.

4. Nearby construction and vibration: Excavation, piling, compaction, or heavy machinery operations in the vicinity of existing structures may disturb the ground and its supporting capacity, leading to settlement of adjacent foundations.

5. Natural hazards and extreme weather: Seismic events, flooding, and other natural hazards can adversely affect foundation performance. In recent years some Gulf localities have experienced marked changes in rainfall patterns; anomalous heavy precipitation in cities such as Dammam and Jeddah has resulted in frequent urban flooding and associated geotechnical impacts.

Timely remediation of observed foundation settlement is critical to prevent progressive structural tilting and degradation that could threaten occupant safety.

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